Life History as a method os Social Research Essay

Life History as a strategy os Social Research - Essay Example Picking a contender for my life history meet was probably the hardest choice. As I sat on my investigation work area pondering who could give me an important understanding on a general public that existed the greater part a century back, I was frightened by the harsh ring of the telephone. It was my beloved companion who was of Indian inception .he had brought to welcome me over to his home as it happened to be an Indian celebration and his grandmother had doled out a horde of indulgences which he needed me to give it a shot. What's more, that was the second a splendid thought crossed my head. His grandmother! No one could be a superior subject for my meeting an alternate nation inside and out with a plenty of differed societies and every one of them as an unmistakable difference with our own! Before I realized I was at his doorstep with my fixed, Dictaphone and mounted guns of inquiries I had encircled on my way. To my mistake, the going was not bound to be smooth. My companion's gr andmother is a timid and held woman and she felt somewhat ungainly and awkward when I moved toward her with my solicitation. To begin with, she just couldn't grasp concerning why somebody would need to talk with her and accepted that she didn't have anything commendable enough to discuss. She additionally looked very threatened by my Dictaphone and expound fixed. Following an hour of influence, arguing and asking she agreed however just in the event that I vowed to shield her namelessness. Along these lines, hereon I am going to call her Gran. After a warm up meeting of well disposed babble; she progressively opened up and let me into her biography. Today, for me she was not a companion's grandma but rather a lady who spoke to her whole network and whose words and sentiments I was most likely going to sum up to an entire populace. I read very piece about the predicament of lady in India during yesteryears and the mistreatment the confronted, so I chose to test her on the issue. Gran turned 70 this mid year. She was destined to a normal marwadi Indian family in mid 1940's and raised among two more youthful siblings. Her youth saw the period when India and Pakistan were experiencing a segment. She schooled till about fifth grade and afterward had to drop out in light of the fact that her folks couldn't bear to send three youngsters to class and since they felt it was increasingly imperative to teach a male kid , she was the undeniable decision for penance. Young ladies were around then never truly thought to be a lasting individual from the family since they wedded and moved out to their spouses house, along these lines putting on them in any capacity appeared to look bad to guardians. She anyway is self-teaching herself out of her sibling's course readings at whatever point she could. I essentially cherished math's, I figure I would have made a decent educator! she says with a flash in her eyes. She was scarcely into her high school ( which was normal in 195 0's) the point at which she was hitched to a person she had never observed or known and inside a day her life took radical turn - a totally different family, a new city, a more peculiar she should call spouse and spend a mind-blowing remainder with! . It was not well before it unfolded upon her that her parents in law had requested a gigantic sum in real money and kind to acknowledge her as their little girl - in - law. These requests continued expanding in recurrence and unbelievability and her family had no real option except to oblige in light of the fact that a lady deserted by her significant other and her family ha

10 Ways to Use Smartphones to Teach English

10 Ways to Use Smartphones to Teach English Cell phones are digging in for the long haul. For English educators, that implies we have to either boycott iPhones, Androids, Blackberries, and whatever next flavor shows up, or we need to figure out how to join the utilization of cell phones into our daily practice. Understudies who sit in class and utilize their iPhone or Android are passing up a great opportunity; in any case, its additionally evident that understudies are going to utilize their cell phones on the off chance that they havent been removed. Here are ten hints on the best way to helpfully permit the utilization of cell phones in class. A portion of the activities are only minor departure from conventional study hall exercises. In any case, urging understudies to utilize cell phones to finish these exercises will assist them with figuring out how to utilize their gadgets to effectively improve their English aptitudes. At last, its critical to demand that cell phone or tablet use in the homeroom is affirmed uniquely as a device during a particular action. Along these lines, they may not be enticed to utilize their cell phones for different reasons during class.â Jargon Exercises Using Google Image Search Words usually can't do a picture justice. Have understudies utilize their cell phone to look into explicit things on Google pictures or another web index. Youve all perceived how a visual word reference can extraordinarily improve jargon maintenance. With cell phones, we have visual word references on steroids. Interpretation Activities Urge understudies to peruse utilizing three stages. Just permit cell phone use in the third stage. Understudies are satisfied in light of the fact that they can look into words. In any case, theyre growing great perusing abilities by not quickly deciphering each word they don't comprehend. Peruse for essence: no stopping!Read for setting: How can the words encompassing obscure words help with understanding?Read for exactness: investigate new jargon utilizing a cell phone or word reference. Use Apps for Communication Activities We as a whole speak with our cell phones in various manners relying upon various applications. As such, messaging with an informing application will undoubtedly be unique in relation to composing an email on your PC. Exploit this and advance exercises that are explicit to a given setting. One model may be to have understudies message each other to finish a given task.â Practice Pronunciation You can utilize cell phones to record sound as you model elocution for your understudies. For instance, assemble proposals, at that point request that understudies open a chronicle application. Peruse five distinct approaches to make a recommendation so anyone might hear. Interruption between every recommendation. Have understudies return home and work on mirroring your elocution in the delay between every recommendation. There are many, numerous minor departure from this theme.â Another incredible use for elocution is to have understudies change the language to English and attempt to direct an email. Theyll need to take a stab at word level articulation so as to get the ideal outcomes. Thesaurus Activities Have understudies search on the expression words like... what's more, a large group of online contributions will show up. Urge understudies to utilize their advanced mobile phones during composing class as such while concentrating on building up a more extensive scope of jargon. For instance, take a basic sentence, for example, The individuals talked about legislative issues. Request that understudies think of various forms utilizing their cell phones to discover substitutes for the action word express. Mess around This is something we regularly shouldnt energize in class; be that as it may, you may urge understudies to record phrases they experience while messing around to bring into class to examine in more detail. There are additionally various word games, for example, Scrabble or word search confuses that are really enlightening just as fun. You can prepare for this in your group as an award for finishing an assignment, simply make a point to attach it to a report back to the class. Track Vocabulary There are a wide assortment of MindMapping applications accessible, just as a bunch of blaze card applications. You can even make your own blaze cards and have understudies download your arrangement of cards to rehearse in class.â Work on Writing Have understudies compose messages to one another so as to finish a particular undertaking. Switch up the errands to rehearse various kinds of register. For instance, one understudy may compose an item request with another understudy answering to the request with a subsequent email. This is the same old thing. Be that as it may, simply utilizing their cell phones can help persuade the understudies to finish the errand. Make Narration This is a minor departure from composing messages. Have understudies pick photographs they have taken and compose a short story portraying the photographs they have picked. By making the movement individual as such, understudies connect all the more profoundly with the undertaking. Keep a Journal One all the more composing exercise for the cell phone. Have understudies keep a diary and offer it with the class. Understudies can take photographs, compose depictions in English, just as portray their day.

IAP is moving along

IAP is moving along Hi there, blog readers! Now that were a week into IAP, I have a chance to talk about some of the things Ive been up to. Mystery Hunt: I hunt with Project Electric Mayhem (can you figure out the pop culture references in the name?), a large conglomerate of students and alums of the East Campus hall 5th East (my home), the fraternity tEp, the independent living group (ILG) pika, and assorted other folks. We have strong support for remote hunters people participating from distant cities and such, so we get a lot of random alums in far-flung locales who want to play. These remote hunters arent always alumsone of our hunters this (and last) year was hallmate Greg 09s mom, who frequently comments on these blogs! Anyway, Hunt, which began early Friday afternoon, ended at about 2:30am this morning. Congratulations to Dr. Awkward, the winning team. 6.186 Mobile Autonomous Laboratory (Maslab) (as a TA): This is an advanced vision-based autonomous robotics class/competition that is in its seventh year and occurs every IAP. Last year I was a student on a team with hallmates Brian 08, Ilan 08, and Matt 08. This year, Im a TA. Im in the lab for three 4.5-hour shifts each week, and got to plan, prepare, and deliver the vision lecture. You can check out the progress of the different teams in their team journals on the wiki forums. American Jiu Jitsu/Self Defense: I get Self Defense PE credit, and I finally start with an activity that many friends already do and that Ive been interested in doing for a year but never started. Im going to the basic PE classes on Monday and Wednesday evenings, and also the Saturday ground fighting/grappling classes (I went to one yesterday, and it was fun!). MIT has many, many martial arts clubs (others popular among my friends include Isshinryu Karate and Tae Kwon Do), and many club sports in general (heres a list). American Jiu Jitsu stresseswell, Ill let the website do that, since it does a better job than I would. American Jiu-Jitsu Club has been at MIT since 1994. We learn and practice self-defense. Jiu-Jitsu, or the Gentle Art, consists of a wide variety of techniques: joint locks, submission holds, pressure-points, throws and strikes. Jiu-Jitsu does not rely on brute strength, but rather on flexible response and the use of an attackers own energy. Jiu-Jitsu prepares a person for any situation, including stand-up and ground fighting, knife attacks, and multiple attacks. Boot Camp PE: As you can probably tell, Im trying to finish up my PE requirement. Boot Camp combines intense cardio work with strength training circuits and quick bouts of rest time, leaving you with no other choice than to improve your level of health and fitness! I was very, very sore the day after the first class. Assassins Guild Ten-Day: Most years, the Guild has a ten-day game during IAP. It hasnt started yet; I just got the email telling me that I was being cast yesterday. This IAPs game is Alpha Centauri. The GMs (the people who write and run the game) for this game are Erik 09, Xiao 09, Dennis 08, Ash 08, Peter 01, and Charles. The description of the game on our website is After tens of thousands of years, the post-nova cloud over the mysterious planet Elrushyn has been blown away by solar winds. With great natural resources and a highly strategic location, many governments and corporations quickly colonized the planet and now fight for dominance under the rules of the Benjii-Savaar Treaty of Conduct. According to the treaty, Elrushyn only has amnesty for ten more days, and must quickly hash out a constitution and government to establish itself before the empires go to war to claim it. The once-bustling planet is now hushed in apprehension as the First Elrushyn Congress at Centauri begins. The idea is that you have a character, and information on your characters background, motivations, goals, believed allies and enemies, abilities, group membershipsin short, all the stuff that your character would know in real life. From there, you and the other characters play your roles. Theres no script, but most characters will have goals that theyre trying to accomplish during the game, and a well-written game will result in lots of action, intrigue, and drama. So thats my IAP thus far. We will see what else the month brings. Post Tagged #Mystery Hunt

What Is the International Coastal Cleanup

The International Coastal Cleanup (ICC) was started by the Ocean Conservancy in 1986 to engage volunteers in collecting marine debris from the worlds waterways. During the cleanup, volunteers act as citizen scientists, tallying the items they find on data cards. The information is used to identify the sources of marine debris, examine trends in debris items, and increase awareness about the threats of marine debris. Cleanups may be done along the shore, from watercraft, or underwater. Why Do Beach Cleanups? The ocean covers 71% of the Earth. The ocean helps produce the water we drink and the air we breathe. It absorbs carbon dioxide and lessens the effect of global warming. It also produces food and recreation opportunities for millions of people. Despite its importance, the ocean is still not fully explored or understood. Trash in the ocean is prevalent (have you heard of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?), and can harm the health of the ocean and its marine life. One major source of trash in the ocean is garbage that washes off the beach and into the ocean, where it can choke or entangle marine life. During the 2013 International Coastal Cleanup, 648,014 volunteers cleaned 12,914 miles of coastline, resulting in the removal of 12,329,332 pounds of litter. Removing marine debris from the beach will lessen the potential for debris to damage marine life and ecosystems. How Do I Get Involved? Cleanups occur in throughout the US and in more than 90 countries worldwide. If you live within driving distance of an ocean, lake, or river, chances are that theres a cleanup going on near you. Or, you can start your own. To search for and sign up for a cleanup, visit the International Coastal Cleanup web site.

Psychological Conditioning On Alcoholic s Anonymous

Psychological Conditioning in Alcoholic’s Anonymous James M. Vrionis College of the Desert Intro to Psychology 12/3/2013 Psychological Conditioning in Alcoholic’s Anonymous 1 Psychological Conditioning in Alcoholic’s Anonymous James M. Vrionis College of the Desert Addiction to drugs and alcohol has changed the lives of millions of Americans. According to Alcoholics Anonymous: Addiction will play tricks on the mind, forcing it to get stuck in an emotional and intellectual limbo. This limbo paralyzes rational associations by replacing a traditional outlook on life to one of an addict. The definition of insanity is to do the same thing over and over again, expecting different results. In order to grow emotionally its important to analyze our own actions and behaviors according to the Alcoholics Anonymous book. The Twelve Traditions of Alcoholics Anonymous; the stories of experience, strength and hope come together to form a compilation of success stories(Alcoholics Anonymous, 2001, p. 562-566). This books treatment for the disease of addiction is a series of reconditioning interpretations and a understanding of behaviors. The treatment for psychological issues that have been coped with by means of addiction is enough for a free life time membership to A.A. The A.A. way of life is relatively simple but many still relapse again and again. Those that work the program recondition their mind and eventually find serenity. Often, more times thanShow MoreRelated Alcohol and Drinking - Treatments for Alcoholism Essay examples1903 Words   |  8 PagesTreatments for Alcoholism      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where can alcoholics receive help? â€Å"Hospitals, psychiatric agencies, public-welfare departments, and social agencies, among others are often reluctant to provide care and treatment for problem drinkers† (Plaut, 53). Although it is difficult to help these problems drinkers, many people will give all they can to help these problem drinkers. â€Å"The provision of treatment to problem drinkers is complicated because they differ from one to another in so many ways†Read MoreAlcoholism Analysis1434 Words   |  6 PagesBridget Kelly November 19, 2000 Research Paper Elizabeth Antalek One out of thirteen adults are considered to be an alcoholic or suffer from a drinking problem. 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Challenges of teaching and learning in inner city Free Essays

string(165) " on the importance of instructors geting cardinal qualities in order to help all kids, irrespective of their background, on both an educational and societal degree\." Every kid deserves the right to an instruction that will help them to accomplish accomplishments and makings used throughout their lives. For many old ages now, this has been a cardinal purpose across Englands Government system, foregrounding the demand for a alteration in the quality and handiness of services, back uping all kids in the procedure of get the better ofing possible obstructions, enabling them to carry through their possible. â€Å" All kids deserve this sort of good start in life, irrespective of where they live, where they go to school, or their household background. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of teaching and learning in inner city or any similar topic only for you Order Now † ( DCSF 2009 p.2 ) For many kids, school provides an array of rich and rewarding experiences, leting them the chance to boom in their acquisition and win to their possible. This nevertheless does non happen for all kids, with old grounds foregrounding that pupils from poorer backgrounds achieve less than their equals. Nevertheless, turn toing this issue has become a cardinal mission among Government leaders, school senior direction and instructors, taking to interrupt the nexus between disadvantage and low educational accomplishment. To ease these ambitious purposes, the Government implemented through the Children ‘s Act ( 2004 ) , a legislative programme that would use a reform within the Education system. Every Child Matters: Change for kids ( 2004 ) outlined a national model that would set up programmes of alteration, edifice services around the demands of all kids and immature people, taking to maximize chance and minimise hazard. Through five cardinal results: being healthy, remaining safe, basking and accomplishing, doing a positive part and accomplishing economic well being, the aspiration for the national model was to contract the spread between kids ‘s attainment degrees and purpose to advance positive good being in childhood and subsequently life. The primary focal point was to sketch a national model for alteration, designed to better and incorporate services, working together more efficaciously to run into the demands of kids and immature people. The results for the bringing of concerted services were to guarantee that all kids and immature people be safeguarded from injury, have better chances to develop and make their possible and receive effectual support, where necessary, from targeted services. Furthermore, parents and carers would hold better entree to services they require, having advice and support where necessary. The Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) model set out a vision for a individualized and high quality, integrated service, available for all to entree. In order to interrupt the nexus between disadvantage and low accomplishment, and have every kid successfully attain the five specific results, those that work closely with kids and immature people need to understand the effects of deprived upbringings and what barriers they can show. The causes behind hapless upbringings are diverse and varied, but must be noted that money may non be the exclusive ground. Poor lodging and unequal diet are important factors ; nevertheless, cultural barriers to larning can besides hold a dramatic affect on kids, particularly for those that live in disadvantaged communities, preponderantly within the interior metropolis. Parental sentiments of the value of schooling act as a cardinal factor as low aspirations and agnosticism about instruction can act upon kids ‘s beliefs. The impact of this can go more evident when kids start go toing full clip schooling, as the scope of their educational experiences can change dramatically. Some kids, from more advantaged places, may hold had entree to a greater assortment of educational experiences such as books, visits to interesting topographic points like museums and theaters, every bit good as the wider universe, advancing acquisition at an early phase. Unfortunately, nevertheless, other parents may non hold the money, resources, accomplishments or assurance to supply their kids with such experiences, perchance impacting their acquisition development. The significance of this is huge, act uponing a kid ‘s future educational experiences unless tackled at an early age. In the study Interrupting the nexus between disadvantage and low attainment: Everyone ‘s concern ( 2009 ) , it is expressed that ; â€Å" When kids start school already behind their equals, this can set up a go oning rhythm of under – public presentation. They find it difficult to maintain up and so may larn more easy, hence falling even further buttocks. † ( DCSF 2009 p.18 ) Interrupting this rhythm of under accomplishment requires Government, schools and wellness attention bureaus to seek to advance ways to battle the effects of poorness as kids from disadvantaged backgrounds can be at increased hazard of being unable to entree the course of study, and lose assurance in their ability to win. Within the Enjoy and achieve result of Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) , it is outlined that kids should be ready for their school experience, and attend and bask their acquisition through active engagement. Children should play an active function in accomplishing national instruction criterions, fostering this with their personal and societal development. Previous research has shown that it is paramount that instructor ‘s identify those who are falling behind early on through appraisal, conveying about a individualized attack to learning and larning. Harmonizing to Gilbert ( 2006 ) , personalisation should be a cardinal characteristic of instruction, later raisi ng the outlooks for students, guaranting the intended results match their outlooks. As it is believed that students from disadvantaged groups within our society are least likely to accomplish good, the Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) docket emphasises the importance of every kid, irrespective of their societal background, holding an impregnable instruction: â€Å" Children and immature people learn and thrive when they are healthy, safeguarded from injury and engaged. The grounds shows clearly that educational accomplishment is the most effectual manner to better results for hapless kids and interrupt the rhythm of want. † ( DCSF 2004 p.8 ) This farther physiques upon Gilbert ‘s ( 2006 ) accent of individualized instruction and acquisition, as cut downing the persistent and unacceptable spreads in mean attainment, between different societal groups, requires focus upon what indispensable cognition and accomplishments kids require in order to boom in our changing universe. This lays farther accent on the importance of instructors geting cardinal qualities in order to help all kids, irrespective of their background, on both an educational and societal degree. You read "Challenges of teaching and learning in inner city" in category "Essay examples" Although an outstanding pedagogical attack to instruction is cardinal, instructors must chiefly understand why some kids fail to entree instruction and make their possible. Children from disadvantaged backgrounds, frequently populating within an interior metropolis environment, could see an array of barriers to their acquisition, encouraging schools and local governments to implement and follow schemes to turn to them. Within Interrupting the nexus between disadvantage and low attainment ( 2009 ) it was expressed that the effects of disadvantage can be cumulative and relentless, typically taking to hapless students doing slower advancement, frequently attributed to assorted factors. As antecedently outlined, spreads within kids ‘s cognitive ability, before the age of five, could put the foundations for low accomplishment, farther stressing the demand of multi bureau cooperation. The Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) , model emphasises the impression that supplying support for households is imperative, advancing the benefits of early acquisition experiences and the importance of the place acquisition environment. Lack of parental support could take down kids ‘s aspirations, act uponing their behavior and attending at school, therefore making personal barriers to get the better of. Reacting to this, harmonizing to Balls ( 2009 ) , requires school s and instructors to work closely with parents and households, using cardinal behavior and absence policies. With add-on to these societal barriers, kids from deprived upbringings are frequently more likely to be recognised as holding Particular Educational Needs ( SEN ) . Balls ( 2010 ) expressed that the designation of Particular Educational Needs ( SEN ) should non be confused with the belief of underperformance or non meeting possible. Through actively turn toing particular educational proviso, instructors should convey about individualized instruction and acquisition attacks, implementing appropriate intercessions where necessary. This farther builds upon a old Government study, Quality Standards for Special Educational Needs ( SEN ) support and Outreach services ( 2008 ) . The criterions outlined aimed to steer the development of proviso and support, helping local governments and others in finding appropriate resources and rating procedures. Furthermore, the study highlighted how choice Special Educational Needs proviso can lend straight to the five Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) results. Understanding the societal and educational barriers that kids populating within the interior metropolis can see allows instructors to, as the Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) docket highlighted, support students wider good – being, and take a individualized attack to larning. One important undertaking that aimed to convey about alterations to battle the disadvantage and low attainment nexus was that of The Extra Mile: How schools win in raising aspirations in disadvantaged communities ( 2008 ) . The undertaking aspired to research in item the barriers that kids from deprived communities face, seeking ways to better their opportunities to win at school. The focal point of the undertaking was non entirely on kids from utmost poorness, but more on kids whose households have been hapless for coevalss, frequently populating within communities with high offense degrees and low skilled, ill paying occupations. The impact of this generational poorness can foster construct upon kids Ã¢â‚¬Ë œs barriers to larning and influence accomplishment at school, as parental cynicism about the importance of instruction, can be made more evident: â€Å" Parents may hold had bad experiences of their ain at school, and this rubs off on their kids. Sometimes, the emphasiss of their state of affairs are reflected in the behavior of their kids, who come to school troubled and wary, and non mentally prepared for larning. † ( DCSF 2008 p.3 ) With the purpose of raising aspirations for all kids, the undertaking leaders investigated, through sing first-class schools within disadvantaged countries of England, the features that instructors and school administrations require so to convey about alteration within instruction. Research showed that dynamic leaders bring a committedness, thrust and finding, actuating staff and making a ‘can bash ‘ ethos across the school. Furthermore, the schools visited aimed to guarantee that staff and students have an array of chances to turn and come on, bring forthing quality schoolroom experiences, orienting the course of study to the demands of their students intake. This builds upon the Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) docket, emphasizing the importance of individualized instruction and acquisition, easing all kids, irrespective of their background or start in life. Furthermore, through following a individualized teaching method, instructors can help kids to achieve their possible, constructing formidable foundations for future acquisition. Pedagogy and Personalisation ( 2007 ) highlighted that ; â€Å" Personalised acquisition agencies that kids and immature people, whatever their starting point, are able to carry through their possible as scholars. † ( ibid 2007 p.7 ) For all instructors, it is imperative that they engage their students in larning through a positive and motivative ethos ; nevertheless, within the interior metropolis environment it is apparent how this encouraging attack to learning and larning can significantly contract the attainment spreads between kids. Balls ( 2009 ) expressed that the success of this really much relies upon a cardinal scheme that would advance equality and inclusion within every school. Through developing a universal system, Balls ( 2009 ) aimed for all schools and instructors to put high aspirations for kids ‘s accomplishments, orienting larning experiences to specific demands and guaranting that every kid has person within the school that can back up their development. This specific result builds upon a antecedently implemented scheme intended to advance first-class instruction and acquisition within the interior metropolis. Excellence in Cities ( 2001 ) identified the benefits of single support for k ids, presenting Learning Mentors to better chances for deprived students. Working aboard learning staff and within the school ‘s pastoral support system, larning wise mans help kids to acquire the most out of their school experience, working with parents to enable them to foster back up their kid. Teaching, as a profession, is one of the most demanding occupations ; physically, emotionally and intellectually, nevertheless learning within the interior metropolis environment, can convey about farther challenges for both established and developing instructors. Meeting the demands of interior metropolis kids requires difficult work and dedication, constructing upon established partnerships to convey about alteration. Quality acquisition experiences are imperative ; nevertheless, within the interior metropolis these experiences can alter kids ‘s future chances. Interrupting the low attainment and disadvantage nexus, through understanding barriers to acquisition, requires instructors to guarantee that all kids have the chances to boom and develop, obtaining the Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) , outcomes, and lay the foundations for future acquisition. How to cite Challenges of teaching and learning in inner city, Essay examples

Importance of Mathematics free essay sample

The main reason for studying mathematics to an advanced level is that it is interesting and enjoyable. People like its challenge, its clarity, and the fact that you know when you are right. The solution of a problem has an excitement and a satisfaction. You will find all these aspects in a university degree course. You should also be aware of the wide importance of Mathematics, and the way in which it is advancing at a spectacular rate. Mathematics is about pattern and structure; it is about logical analysis, deduction, calculation within these patterns and structures. When patterns are found, often in widely different areas of science and technology, the mathematics of these patterns can be used to explain and control natural happenings and situations. Mathematics has a pervasive influence on our everyday lives, and contributes to the wealth of the country. The importance of mathematics The everyday use of arithmetic and the display of information by means of graphs, are an everyday commonplace. These are the elementary aspects of mathematics. Advanced mathematics is widely used, but often in an unseen and unadvertised way. The mathematics of error-correcting codes is applied to CD players and to computers. †¢The stunning pictures of far away planets sent by Voyager II could not have had their crispness and quality without such mathematics. †¢Voyagers journey to the planets could not have been calculated without the mathematics of differential equations. †¢Whenever it is said that advances are made with supercomputers, there has to be a mathematical theory which instructs the computer what is to be done, so allowing it to apply its capacity for speed and accuracy. The development of computers was initiated in this country by mathematicians and logicians, who continue to make important contributions to the theory of computer science. †¢The next generation of software requires the latest methods from what is called category theory, a theory of mathematical structures which has given new perspectives on the foundations of mathematics and on logic. †¢The physical sciences (chemistry, physics, oceanography, astronomy) require mathematics for the development of their theories. †¢In ecology, mathematics is used when studying the laws of population change. Statistics provides the theory and methodology for the analysis of wide varieties of data. †¢Statistics is also essential in medicine, for analysing data on the causes of illness and on the utility of new drugs. . †¢Travel by aeroplane would not be possible without the mathematics of airflow and of control systems. †¢Body scanners are the expression of subtle mathematic s, discovered in the 19th century, which makes it possible to construct an image of the inside of an object from information on a number of single X-ray views of it. Thus mathematics is often involved in matters of life and death. These applications have often developed from the study of general ideas for their own sake: numbers, symmetry, area and volume, rate of change, shape, dimension, randomness and many others. Mathematics makes an especial contribution to the study of these ideas, namely the methods of †¢precise definitions; †¢careful and rigorous argument; representation of ideas by many methods, including symbols and formulae, pictures and graphics; †¢means of calculation; and the obtaining of precise solutions to clearly stated problems, or clear statements of the limits of knowledge. These features allow mathematics to provide a solid foundation to many aspects of daily life, and to give a comprehension of the complexities inherent in apparently quite simple situations. For these reasons, mathematics and calculation have been associated from earliest times. In modern times, the need to perform rapid mathematical calculat ions in war time, particularly in ballistics, and in decoding, was a strong stimulus to the development of the electronic computer. The existence of high speed computers has now helped mathematicians to calculate and to make situations visual as never before. Also this calculation has developed from numerical calculation, to symbolic calculation, and currently to calculation with the mathematical structures themselves. This last is very recent, and is likely to lead to a major transformation. These capacities change, not the nature of mathematics, but the power of the mathematican, which increases perhaps a millionfold the possibility to comprehend, to argue, to explore. There is also a reverse interaction. The notion of computing would not have made sense without Mathematics, and it was the analysis of the methods of Mathematics by mathematicians, philosophers, logicians and engineers which led to the concept of a programmable computer . Indeed, two mathematicians, von Neumann in the USA and Turing in the UK, are known as the fathers of the modern computers. Analysis of computing, and attempts to make it as reliable as possible, needs deep Mathematics, and this need is likely to grow. A computer, unless it is programmed, is just a box made of metal, glass, silicon, etc. Programming expresses algorithms in a form suitable for the computer. Mathematics is needed as a language for specification, for determining what is to be done, how and when, and for the verification that the programs and algorithms work correctly. Mathematics is essential for the correct use of computers in most of their applications and the mathematical needs of computing have sparked off many new and exciting questions. Thus computers, while they have, fortunately, done away with the need for humans to carry out routine calculations, have also required from mathematicians a deeper analysis of the process and logic of computation, and its representation in a machine. The imagination of mathematicians is also stirred by its rigorous nature, which forces them to follow through the logic of their ideas. There are many examples of mathematicians producing apparently strange and inapplicable theories, noting simply that this is the way the mathematics seems to go, only to find these vindicated perhaps decades later by surprising applications. A recent example is the theory of knots, which was developed as a part of pure mathematics since 1870. A wonderful advance in 1985 showed how the theory could be applied in physics in relation to quantum theory, and in biology in relation to the way DNA unknots itself before dividing. Similarly, modern notions of chaos and fractals were pioneered by mathematicians in the early years of this century. Now fractals are a practical tool for compressing data on computer discs. The study of mathematics can satisfy a wide range of interests and abilities. It develops the imagination. It trains in clear and logical thought. It is a challenge, with varieties of difficult ideas and unsolved problems, because it deals with the questions arising from complicated structures. Yet it also has a continuing drive to simplification, to finding the right concepts and methods to make difficult things easy, to explaining why a situation must be as it is. In so doing, it develops a range of language and insights, which may then be applied to make a crucial contribution to our understanding and appreciation of the world, and our ability to find and make our way in it. Mathematics as a career Those who qualify in mathematics are in the fortunate position of having a wide range of career choices. The abilities †¢to use logical thought, †¢to formulate a problem in a way which allows for computation and decision, †¢to make deductions from assumption, †¢to use advanced concepts, are all enhanced by a mathematics degree course. It is for this reason that mathematician are increasingly in demand. With a mathematics degree, you should be able to turn your hand to finance, statistics, engineering, computers, teaching or accountancy with a success not possible to other graduates. This flexibility is even more important nowadays, with the considerable uncertainty as to which areas will be the best for employment in future years. [The most recent surveys show graduates in mathematicians and computer science at the top of the earning lists six years after graduation. ] Computer science has a considerable mathematical component, which is becoming more important as the designers of software are required to prove that the software meets its specification. This kind of rigour is one of the basic techniques of mathematics, and can be learned only through a mathematics course. What to look for in a University Degree course The first decision you need to make when choosing a degree course concerns the subject matter. Do you want to make mathematics alone, or do you want to mix it with another subject in a joint honours degree or in some modular structure? There are arguments both ways. The advantage of a single honours course, particularly when your main interest is mathematics, is that it offers the opportunity to study a wide range of topics and methods within your subject. The advantage of a mix is the wider range of skills which you may attain. This, coupled with a broader education, may widen the types of job opportunities available. For example, employers are looking for communication skills, and are often happier if students have done some assessed essay or report writing during their degree. Learning these skills can also be an aspect of a single honours course which involves history of mathematics, problem solving, and other forms of project work. Teaching and assessment One of the things you should look for is the range of tutorial provision and of personal contact. Mathematics is a subject where you learn to do things, and you need feedback on whether your own approaches are the correct ones, in relation to both detail and overall plan. The use of continuous assessment is often an advantage, since in real life you are tested on the quality of the work you can produce, as well as the ability to do that work quickly and under pressure. It is becoming more important for you to show to a prospective employer that you can produce well thought-out work to a high standard, and that you can communicate what you know, both in writing and orally. Mathematics is a wonderful and exciting subject, but how it works, and why it is so successful, are not matters which are easy to understand, even by its practitioners. Perhaps full explanations would require deeper analyses of language, psychology and thought than are at present available. Nonetheless, it is desirable in a degree course for there to be some discussion and analysis of the processes used in mathematics (symbols, abstraction, generalisation, formalisation, proof, problem solving, etc. , to help you grasp the underlying ideas, set the subject in context, and to relate the learning of technique to an understanding of how these techniques fit into a general scheme. You must see how the apparently abstract nature of mathematics is one of the reason for its power, since it enables the exploitation of analogies between apparently diverse situations. A Bangor graduate now employed in industry wrote that a mathematics graduate who can see which of a range of techniques are app licable to a problem in hand is worth his weight in gold. The new M Math degree This year sees many more universities offering a 4 year degree called M. Math, or something of a similar character, following its introduction in 1994. What is this degree? Why has it been introduced? Is it for you? The main reason for its introduction is the continuing progress in Mathematics which is hinted at in the section The importance of mathematics in the previous article Why choose Mathematics. The extraordinary advances that have occured in the subject over the last ten years or so have led a recent book to be called Mathematics, the New Golden Age (Keith Devlin, Penguin). OUTPUT from the system has changed. What about the INPUT, thats you? In schools, Mathematics has changed. G. C. S. E. has introduced young mathematicians to a much more interactive view of their subject. Investigations, when they work well, allow one to see Mathematics being created by oneself. The subject is not proclaimed from on high by some omnipotent being. It is a human activity, it is challenging, often hard work, often fun and very rewarding intellectually. There are, however, still only 24 hours in each day, and 7 days in each week. Something has gone. The average ability of young mathematicians to manipulate algebra has slipped. This has meant that sixth formers have been finding the hill to climb from G. C. S. E. to A-level has become even steeper. It has also meant that Universities have had to slow down the presentation of algebra in degree courses. Algebraic manipulation is important. It feeds into calculus and analysis, into areas of applied Mathematics, probability and statistics, so all material has had to be slowed down to some extent. On the positive side, the experience of investigations at G. C. S. E. as meant that students are often less passive and want to interact with the material at a more personal level than was previously possible. There is yet another influence changing the way Universities present their Mathematics. The future employers of mathematicians demand the same expertise as before in the subject, but they also expect that their future employees will be able to write reports, to communicate, and present the conclusions of their investigations, to formulate questions and interpret the solutions, qualities that were not always there in the past. For this, like all graduates, mathematicians need transferable skills. They need to be able to explain, to talk to experts in other disciplines, to question, and to investigate. All this has put a big strain on the 3 year degree courses. We need to slow down the presentation of material, to increase the depth and breadth of the material with the new advances in Mathematics and its applications, to include the training in transferable mathematical skills. What should be done? The answer put forward by a working group from the main mathematical learned societies was a 4 year degree option. Students would have the choice. If they wanted to become professional mathematicians then they would probably take the 4 year degree. If they did not want to use their mathematical knowledge in their future careers, their choice might be a standard 3 year B. Sc. This would still give them an extremely valuable broadly based, highly numerate degree but the additional technical depth of the MMath type degree would not be demanded. The BSc student would get a training in logical thought, planning, formulation etc. but would not meet the more specialist parts of Mathematics in such quantity or depth. The aspiring professional mathematician would need that extra year in the MMath course in order to come to grips with that extra depth and breadth. The MMath is thus somewhat different in conception from the old MSc, and is only an initial degree. It does ressemble other Masters programmes in other European countries in its basic conception. So, after all that, an MMath is a 4 year first degree for those hoping to become professional mathematicians. Is it for you? I cannot answer that, but probably neither can you at the moment. The decision has not got to be made immediately. You can swop from the standard BSc course to the MMath in nearly all cases provided your grades are good enough, or you can swop the other way. A final decision has to be made before entering the third year, for various administrative reasons relating to grants. If you find Maths at University fun and challenging and after 2 years you think that being, say, a research mathematician, statistician or operational researcher appeals to you, try the 4 year degree. Remember though that the two degrees have a different aim: neither is better than the other. If you opt for the BSc and afterwards find a taste for deeper Mathematics, it seems likely that the conventional MSc route will still be available, even probably thriving, so your decision is not a condemnation to a life without maths!! The new degree schemes are a reaction to the changing face of Mathematics, in which new insights are gained, new concepts emerge from the darkness, new questions are formulated. As you consider if a degree in Maths is for you, remember that while Mathematics is one of the oldest subjects, it is constantly being rejuvenated and it is very much alive as it heads into the 21st century.